Task Force

[Helen Dagner]

A. Mark Stebbins
On February 15, 1976, at about 1:30 p.m., a 12-year-old boy--Mark
Douglas Stebbins--left the Ferndale, Michigan, American Legion Hall to head
for his home at 429 E. Saratoga Street in Ferndale to watch a movie on television.
His mother, who spoke with him just before he left the hall, called
the Ferndale Police Department that night at 11:00 p.m. to report that he had
not yet returned home ano. that she was concerned, since he had never done
anything like this before. He was, she told the police dispatcher, wearing
a blue, hooded parka, blue jeans, a red sweatshirt, and black rubbe': boots.
The missing person report filed by Mrs. Stebbins was of little help in
finding her son, whom she described as being 4'8" tall, weighing 100 pounds,
with reddish-blond hair and blue eyes. However, four days later, at 11:45
a.m. on February 19, a businessman named Mark Boetigheimer left his office at
15660 W. Ten Mile Road in southfield, Michigan, to walk over to the drugstore
at New Orleans Mall. Along his route, he glanced toward the northeast corner
of the parking lot he was crossing and noticed what he thought might be a
mannikin or dummy dressed in a blue jacket and jeans. As he came closer, he
saw that it was the body of a young boy; he immediately returned to his office
and called the Southfield Police Department.
The body, which would soon be identified as that of Mark Stebbins,
was removed to the department's security garage where it was checked for injuries
and possible cause of death. The autopsy, when performed by Dr. Thomas
J. Pentinga, noted that death was due to asphyxia caused by smothering and
added that there were also two small crusted lacerations of the scalp on the
left rear of the head, that there were discolorations of the wrists and ankles
that might be rope marks, and that the anal orifice was widely distended with
obvious but superficial lacerations.
In the light of the fact that Mark's body was found just befor~ noon
on the 19th, the story told to Southfield police by Mack M. Gallop, another

[Helen Dagner]

occupant of the building housing Boetigheimer's office is of interst. Gallop
said that at about 9:30 that morning he had walked his Schnauzer along the
edge of the parking lot. He believed that if the body had been there at that
time, the dog, who was on a 20-foot leash, would have smelled it and gone over
to investigate, thereby leading to its discovery. Thus, there was some evidence
that the body was placed near the building after 9:30 a.m.
The murder of Mark Stebbins was the first of four interrelated crimes
against cl1ildren in ths Woodward Cooridor; more than 10 months would pass before
another would be reported.
B. Jill Robinson
Late in the afternoon of December 22, 1976, l2-year-old Jill Robinson
had an argument with her mother, Karol Robinson, with whom she lived in Royal
Oak, Michigan. Their dispute involved some household chores Jill had failed
to do, and at its climax, Jill's mother told her to get out until she could
become part of the family. Jill went to her bedroom, packed some clothes and
a blue and green plaid blanket into her denim backpack and, dressed in blue
jeans, shirt/ snow bdots, bright orrulge winter jacket, and blue knit cap with
a yellow design in its border, walked out the door. She hadn't returned by
early evening as her mother expected her to do, and at 11:30 p.m. that night,
Jill's father, who is divorced from her luother and living in Birmingham,
Michigan, reported her missing. She was not seen alive again. Her body was
found about 8:45 a.m. on December 26, alongside Route I-75 just north of
Sixteen Mile Road in Troy, Michigan; her killer had laid hex down on her
back on the snowy shoulder of the road and blown the top of her head off with
a l2-gauge shotgun. She was wearing her backpack, which still contained the
plaid blanket.
The autopsy report on Jill Robinson was prepared by Dr. Robert F.
Sillery, chief pathologist for the Oakland County Medical Exanuner's Office;
it said she had died from Shock and hemorrhage due to a shotgun wound of the
head. There were no signs of sexual molestation or penetration, and her hymen
was intact; a lightly stained tampon was in her girl thingy (it had come from a box
which she had purchased herself and which her mother later discovered).

[Helen Dagner]

Despite the many reports that were telephoned to police of seeing a
girl Jill's age in cars or along 1-75, no valid leads were developed, and
there is little or no real information regarding her disappearance, whereaboutsfor
four days, or who her murderer might be. The police know what kind
of shotgun shell was used and what size shot; it is a common variety, easily
obtainable in a number of local gun and hardware stores. One unexplained
aspect of the case: Jill's bike was fuQ~d by a neighborhood boy on the afternoon
of December 27 behind the Valenti and Lieberman offices on N. Main Street
in Royal Oak; no one knows whether she rode it there on the 22nd when she disappeared
or whether it was placed there later.
c. Kristine Mihelich
Just one week after Jill Robinson was found in the snow along a busy
highway, Mrs. Deborah Ascroft called the Berkley, Michigan, Police Department
at 6:00 p.m. on January 2, 1977, to report that her 10-year-old daughter,
Kristine Mihelich (usually called Kris) had gone to the 7-11 Store at Twelve
Mile Road and Oakshire at 3:00 p.m. that afternoon and had not returned. The
clerk at that store remembered selling a teenage movie magazine to a young
girl about 3:00 p.m.; she was able to tentatively identify the girl as Kris
after being shown a photograph. By noon the next day, every police department
in the area had a copy of that photo, and Detroit-area radio and TV stations
were broadcasting information about the missing girl. Again, despite many
telephone calls purporting to give clues or tips--including several calls
from a l4~year-old girl pretending to be Kris--nothing of a useful nature
was received by the police.
On the 19th day after her disappearance, Kris Mihelich was found.
A U.S. Postal Service mailman, Jerome Wozny of Walled Lake, Michigan was
delivering mail on Bruce Lane, a dead-end street west of Telegraph Road in
Franklin Village, Michigan, when he spotted something in the snow-filled ditch
alongside the road; the time was about 11:45 a.m. Something of a scavenger of
items he noticed it as he drove along in his mail truck. Wozny stopped, backed
up, got out, and walked over to a "blue something" in the snow. When he saw
an arm and a hand as he got closer, he realized he had found a body. Getting

[Helen Dagner]

back in his truck, he drove immediately to the Franklin Village Police
Department to report his finding.
Dr. Sillerly' s autopsy report and sl.lbsequen't comments were interesting'
if not enlightening. The cause of death was asphyxia caused by smothering.
Also, the body was not frozen through, it had been exposed in the snow for
less than 24 hours, in all probability. There was no gross evidence of
sexual molestation or penetration in either girl thingy or anus, yet Dr. Sillery
told a startled group of state crime lab technicians he had found sperm in
both girl thingy and rectum. He could not account for how they had gotten there,
despite some unique theories about the forcefulness of ejacl,llat,ion. The
fact that anothe~ pathologist and two State Police laboratory technicians
were subsequently unable to detect sperm in the tissue slides he prepared
perhaps explains things adequately--t.here were no sperm, and Kristine, like
Jill, had not been violated.
Dr. Sillery also expressed the view that Kris had dressed herself;
her clothes were neat and clean, including her underwear, although she had
been away from home 19 days. Deborah Ascroft, Kris' mother, commented th(~t
two things made her think Kris had been dressed by someone else, probably
after she was killed; her blouse was tied in front, not in back as she
normally tied it, and her pants were tucked into her boots, a thing she
never did.
During the nearly three weeks between the day Kris disappeared from
somewhere along her presumed t'oute between the 7-11 Store and the bowling
alley where her mother tended bar, the task force concept of looking for the
kidnapper first took shape. Lt. Jerry Simmons of the Southfield Police
Department set up a meeting for all police departments with an interest in
the recent Robinson homicide and the Mihelich disappearance. The officers
present discussed the use of a computer for handling the information being
accumulated by the departments in question, in order to avoid duplication
of investigative effort, since the same names were coming in mQre than once
or twice. They also talked about sett~ng up a group qf officers consisting
of one or two from each department involved in the disappearances of the
children; the gr.oup could be called on to assist as new information to be

[Helen Dagner]

investigated came in or they would be available as a knowledgeable group
if they were needed. The Oak.land County Task Force had its beginnings at
this meeting.
D. Timothy King
Police departments in Oakland County were still looking for the
killer of Kris Mihelich when, on March 16, 1977, another child disappeared.
Timothy King, a slim, attractive ll-year-old boy who lived at 1509 Yorkshire
Street in Birmingham, Michigan, was last seen by a member of his family at
about 7:40 p.m., when his older sister, Catherine, gave him 30 cents to buy
candy at a nearby store. Cather;ine was going into Detroit that evening to
see a stage show with some girl friends from her high school; Tim's two
older brothers were out of the house, one babysitting for a neighbor's
youngster and the other practicing with the cast of a school play; his
parents were having dinner at a Birmingham restaurant. As Tim left, he
asked Catherine to lea.ve the front door ajar so that he could get back into
the house, and when the Kings returned home at 9:00 p.m. they fou;..d the door
still ajar and Tim missing. After looking for him in the neighborhood and
phoning the houses of friends where they thought he might have gone, they
called the Birmingham Police Department. By 9:15 the next morning, the
embryonic task force working in Southfield knew the King boy was missing,
and Birmingham Police Chief Rollin (Jerry) Tobin had asked for full task
force involvement in the case. By afternoon on March 17, a new task force
headquarters was set up in the Adams Fire House in Birmingham and was hard
at work processing the many reports that concerned citizens were phoning in.
Routine investigative procedures established that the salesgirl at
the Hunter/Maple drug store!where Tim was to have bought his candy did recall
seeing Tim King; he had made the purchase. Further, in an important break,
a woman witness came forth to report that at about 8:30 p.m. on the night
Tim disappeared she had been loading groceries i.nto her car parked on the
lot near the drug store. She remembered seeing a small boy in a rea. jacket
with emblems on it (a good description of Tim's red nylon Birmingham Hockey
Association jacket) talking to a man standing by a car some two car-lengths

[Helen Dagner]

from her. She was able to describe the man well enough for a police artist
to produce a composite sketch of him; further, she thought his car ~as darkblue
Gremlin with a white, upswept:. stripe (called a "hockey stick" stripe)
along its side. The sketch of the suspect and a photo of a similar car were
sent to all local police departments and were available to all members of the
task force, now rapidly growing in size as more local detectives. were assigned
to the case.
Even as investigative activity accelerated, the report that many
detectives had grimly anticipated was received. At 11:15 p.m. on March 22,
the Livonia, Michigan, Police Department sent a car in response to a call
from three witnesses who had discovered a body lying in a ditch on the west
side of Gill Street, a tenth of a rule south of Eight Mile Road. The body
was that of a boy approximately 10 years old, wearing a red nylon jacket with
a BRA crest, denim shirt, green trousers, and white tennis shoes with blue
and red stripes. Tim King had been found. Ten feet away from his body was
the orange skateboard that he took with him to the store.
On the death certificate prepared by Dr. John Smialek and Dr. Werner
Spitz of the Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office, the cause of death was
listed as "smothered." Dr. Spitz's opinion, when he first examined the boy's
body at 2:00 a.m. on March 23 was that Tim had been dead from six to eight
hours and had been placed along Gill Road about three hours before he was
found. The autopsy report showed that he had eaten a meal of fowl about an
hour before he was killed. His wrists carried marks that might have been
caused by binding, but his body was very clean, including fingernails and toenails.
He had been sexually assaulted, the anal region showing clear signs
of some form of ~use.
E. Patterns
In their analysis of the four Oakland County murders, the investigating
officers noted certain similarities in the crimes that supported the theory
that they were interrelated, that is coumdtted by a single killer or small
group of killers:
1. All four victims were alone when abducted; also, they were
all taken from business areas, in or near parking lots.
9

[Helen Dagner]

2. Two victims were abducted on a Sunday afternoon, two on
a Wednesday evening.
3. Victims were held captive, for periods ranging from 3
to 19 days.
4. Victims appeared to have been well fed while held and
not subjected to weather or other exposure.
5. The victims were well cared for during their period of
captivity, including caring for their normal biological
needs. All the bodies were clean, and Tim King's body
was described as Clinically clean (his finger and toe
nails had been scraped).
6. All four victims were dressed in their own clothing
(possibly by someone else) just before or after death.
7. All four bodies were deposited along roadsides where
they would be readily found.
8. There was no evidence of sexual molestation of either
girl; both boys showed obvious anal dilation.
9. Apparently little if any force was used in the abductions;
no commotions were reported in this regard.
On the other hand, there are certain differences that tend to make
the interrelationship of the crimes less positive. For example, Jill Robinson
was killed along the edge of a highway with a shotgun, a noisy and attentiongetting
method, while the other three were smothered, probably by holding a
hand over their mouths and pinching their nostrils shut. Students of the
pathology of sex would probably point to the probable lack of interest in
pre-adolescent girls on the part of a homosexual assailant of young boys.
And, the killeld~ timing was inconsistent; the Stebbins boy was murdered in
February, 1976; the next victim was seized at the end of December, 1976,
followed by one in January and one in March. Also, the victims were kept
for varying lengths of time: 3~, 4, 6, and 19 days. There are other contradictory
aspects as well; the cleanliness of the victims has been seen by
investigators as a largely successful attempt on the part of the killer to
destroy possible evidence--scrapings from under fingernails, dirt from
clothing, or handprints on skin. These procedures, on the other hand, could
have been part of the compulsive cleanliness of a far-from-normal individual.
Perspective takes on special significance when making judgments on such details.

[Helen Dagner]

IV. THE OAKLAND COUNTY SPECIAL TASK FORCE
A. Genesis
The successful formation of a cooperative major crime task force in
southern Oakland County north of Detroit speaks for the enormity of the crimes
being investigated and the pressure on the police to solve them--pressure both
from the public in demanding an end to this threat to children and from themselves
as frustrated professionals faced with a cunning and careful criminal.
There are more than 70 different police forces in the Detroit area, varying
greatly in size from Franklin Village with 5 personnel to Livonia with 180
and to Detroit itself with over 5,,300 and exhibiting different degrees of
territorial jealousy. In each murder, the abduction took place in one
jurisdiction, and the body was found in another. Nonetheless, the task
force was formed, funded, and has operated effectively in making inroads
in the accumulation of 11,000 tips and leads that confronted the detectives
in April 1977.
B. Impetus For Mobilization
As noted eaxlier, the Task Force originally began working out of the
Intelligence Office of the Southfield Police Departme~t after Lt. Simmons of
the department had called a meeting of the police departments concerned with
the Kris Mihelich disappearance. That meeting was held on January 12, 1977,
and there was still a nucleus of investigators working on the Mihelich case
when Chief Tobin of Birmingham asked for assistance in dealing with Tim King's
abduction. By afbernoon on March 17, a new Task Force l<eadquarters had been
set up at the Adams Fire Station in Birmingham, and within a very short period
of time as many as 180 to 200 detectives were working out of that office, including
investigators from some 51 communities in the area as well as the
Detroit Police Department, the Oakland County Sheriff's Department, and the
Michigan State Police.
Because the fire station quarters were inadequate for a group that
size, on March 24 the Task Force was moved to Valley Wqod School at 32605
Bellvine Trail in Beverly Hill, just outside Birmingham. .~ elementary school
that had been closed because of a dwindling student population, Valley Wood

[Helen Dagner]

was ideal for the round-the-clock Task Force operation, in that it had a
large kitchen, a public address system, and a parking lot. A number of
phone lines were put in so that the hundreds of calls coming in every day
could be handled, and although they have the disadvantage of being single
lines without a controlling switchboard or panel, time was the overriding
factor. The phone set-,up wm'''s because the public adcl£ess system permits
investigators to be called tu ~he phone.
As the workload of investigating leads continued to grow after Tim
King's body was found, it became necessary to make some plans for continuing
the Task Force, whose costs were becoming an increasingly heavy burden on
the budgets of the many police departments that had sent volunteer detectives
(in late March there were still as many as 134 detectives on the day shift-plus
18 Michigan State Police officers running the tip room). By March 31,
efforts were underway to seek Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funds
in order to allow the Task Force to continue operations for up to six months.
Chief Tobin was the spearhead of this effort, working with Dr. Noel Bufe and
Don Jackson of the Michigan Office of Criminal Justice Programs and James
Rhodes, coordinator of the Oakland County Criminal Justice Program, in preparing
the preliminary request for grant aid. On April 12, Robert O. Heck of
th~ LEAA Office of Regional Operations and Tom Tubbs of LEAA Region V in
Chicago met with the Michigan state planners, Chief Tobin, and Michigan State
Police officials. The final grant requests were worked out at that time,
with LEAA assistance being predicated not only on the need to continue the
investigative task force but also on the desire to document the incid~nts and
the investigative activity in a process-evaluative manner so that future such
major investigative efforts could fierive the benefit and guidance of Michigan's
experience.
C. The Grants
As approved, the grants for the Task Force were as follows:
Grant I, funded through the State Office of Criminal
Justice Programs, was broken down like this: $306,888 in
Federal funds channeled through the Michigan OCJP; $17,049
in state funds; and $17,050 in local funds ($2,131 apiece for
the eight commmlities involved), for a total of $341,987.
12

[Helen Dagner]

Grant II totaled $295,675, including $133,675 to
cover crime analysis personnel, support equipment, and
management personnel (consisting of seven Michigan State
Police officers, to be used as coordinators, field supervisors,
and evidence technicians); $60,000 for 200 man-days
of technical assistance, if needed; and $100,000 in technology
transfer funds that include the development of a
manual for handling similar major investigative efforts.
D. Organization
The Task Force organization, as structured for the six-month extended
investigations phase, includes State Police 1st Lt. Robert H. Robertson as
Coordinator, with State Police Det. Sgt. Joe Krease as his assistant as well
as Street Coordinator. There are two d~tectives from ec\ch of the eight communi
ties involved (the four from ~'lhich victims disappeared--Fernda1e, Royal
Oak, Berkley, and Birmingham, and the four where they were found--Southfield,
Troy, Franklin, and Livonia), plus two apiece from the Oakland County Prosecutor's
Office and the Oakland County Sheriff's Department (Sheriff Johannes
Spreen has assigned additional deputies to the case, working both with the
Task Force and independently), and three Michigan State Police computer and
tip room personnel. The Detroit Police Department has also kept four detective
volunteers on hand to check out leads in the city.
In addition to these 25 professional inve.'ltigators and specialists,
four clerical personnel were authorized as well as two additional civilians
-two work with the computers and the LEIN (Law Enforcement Information Netwclrk) •
An organizational chart of the Task Force follows as Chart I.
E. Operations
Task FOrce operations have settled down to investigative checking out
of the more than 11,000 accumulated leads or tips that were phoned or written
in during the days of Tim King's disappearance and the following weeks, plus
current leads and reports as they are received. The tips have been computerized,
as will be discussed below, to improve handling procedures, prevent
duplication of effort, and provide for record-keeping. The Task Force ran
two shifts through April, then went on a one-shift operation on May 1.

[Helen Dagner]

OAKLAND COUNTY SPECIAL TASt< FOP~CE
O.C.S.T.F. COORDINATOR
MICH. STATE POLICE
LT. R. H. ROBERTSON
I TECHNICAL
DENNIS MC KEE
LIAISON OFFICERS STREET COORDINATOR
f--.. SGT. JOE KREASE
I
COMMUNITY COHMUNITY PARENT
VICTIM ABDUCTED FOUND LIAISON
I 1 I I I I ~ STEBBINS LT. SULLIVAN LT. SIMMONS DOAN TIP RECEIVING
f-
I I I [SGT. GREEN 1 I
TIP PROCESSING
f- ROBINSON LT. RINGER GREEN \0- MICH. STATE POLICE
SGT. R. TODD
I I
L.E.H.S. SUPPORT UNIT
I [SGT. I I DET. IT»1I
I-- HICH. STATE POLICE I- MIllALICH SGT. PICHE KREASE SGT. P. HOGAN
"--- EV InENCE- KING ' - VARAJON
~GT. VARAJON ] I KALBl"LEISCH ]
EVIDENCE- MIIIALICH- PICHE
"""- KING LT. KALBFLEISCH EVIDENCE- ROBINSON- GREEN
EVIDENCE- STEBBINS- DOAN
.,--

[Helen Dagner]

C. Jane Allan
Jane Lou:Lse Allan of Royal Oak, Michigan, was the third fatality
involving a young girl that has been erroneously linked by media coverage to
the four southern Oakland County crimes. ~ well-developed girl of nearly 14
years, she was last seen in her Royal Oak home on Saturday, August 7, 1976,
about 12:30 p.m. Sometime later that afternoon she hitchhiked 17 miles to
visit her boyfriend, Tony Galassi, in Auburn H~ightsf Michigan. Tony reprimanded
her for hitching, and she left his house shorrly thereafter, presumably
to catch a ride home, for she was a confirmed hitchhiker who had remained away
from home several times during the preceding year without telling her mother
(
of her whereabouts. Four days later, the decowposed body of a girl thought
to be about 17 years old was found floating in the Miami River, mear Miamisburg,
Ohio, her hands tied behind her back with pieces of wh~te tee-shirt.
Clothing, jewelry, and a recently sutured cut on the wrist led to the eventual
identification of the body as that of the missing Jane Allan. The Ohio coroner's
office believed Jane was dead before she was thrown into the river, possibly
from carbon monoxide poisoning; it was impossible to tell if she had been
assaulted. Police informants in Ohio linked Jane to a young girl seen with
members of a motorcycle gang, the Dayton Outlaws, but no solid evidence ever
tied her death to the circumstances of the report. It seems more probable
that she was picked up while hitchhiking and either deliberately or accidentally
killed by the motorist, who then disposed of her body in the river.
3

[Helen Dagner]

II. THE FIRST THREE
A. Cynthia Cadieux
The last time rulyone saw 16-year-old Cynthia Rae Cadieux alive in her
home town of Roseville, Michigan, was at about 8:30 p.m. on the night of January
IS, 1976. Her nude body was found by the side of Franklin Road in Bloomfield
Township by a passing motorist at 1:05 a.m. the next morning, her skull
crushed by a blunt instrument. She had been raped and sodomized, possibly by
more than one person. Her clothing was never found, but there were unconfirmed
reports from informer channels that she had been abducted by four hoodlums,
violated, murdered, and dumped along the roadsid~. Her clothing may have been
for a time in th~ possession of a girlfriend of one of the killers, but this
report also was unconfirmed. The Cadieux case has been assessed by investigators
as an unsolved sex-related murder having no connection with the four
child killings in the Woodward Cooridor.
B. Sheila Srock
The second young victim to die was Sheila Srock, a chunky 14-year-old
orphan who lived with her older brother in Birmingham, Michigan, an attractive
and affluent community near the northern end of the corridor. Sh~ila was babysitting
in an upstairs room of a house at 1772 Villa street early on the evening
of January 19, 1976, when she was surprised about 8:20 p.m. by a man who
had just come £rom breaking into three other houses in the neighborhood, ,,,-sing
a prybar and a screwdriver. Her assailant, described by a witness as a thin,
young, white male, 18-25 years old, 5'10" to 6' tall with a sparse beard,
prominent nose, and pointed chin, removed her clothing, raped her, sodomized
her, and, as a horrified neighbor watched from a nearby roof from which he
was shoveling snow, killed her with a series of shots from his small-caliber,
semi-automatic pistol. Taking with hjm what loot he could find, including a
.38 revolver and some jewelry, he mingled with the crowd attracted to the
house by the shots, asked several people what was happening, calmly got into
a 1967 Cadillac parked along the street, and drove away. Despite the description
of the man and the car, he has never been appreilended.

[Helen Dagner]

The Associate Press ran and article -30 years ago-about the father of one of the Oakland County Children-They told how the killer was being hunted by police...and they quoted Mr. Robinson-Jills Father...as being very angry at the 200,member Law Enforcement task force -at the time it had been three months since his 12 year old daughter Jill was found dead of a shotgun blast near Interstate Highway 75...For her father,Thomas Robinson of Birmingham,those months had been filled with frustration in the hunt for the person police believe killed Jill...Her father was bitter about the lack of attention her case was getting from a special task force probing the murders..."I know individual officers spared no efforts on Jills case,but where the hell is the imaginative leadership??".....I can just feel what he must be thinking today...34 years later...and not a new item has been written in Jills file.....even though -a witness has come forward-with the location of where her bike was really found and how it got to the next location So now I'm asking-"Where The Hell Is The Imaginative Leadership"??

[Helen Dagner]

RE-POSTED-I just read all about Tim and I am now inspired to start thinking about this again.When I was working the case back in the 70s I had to think like others however now I can think for myself.What do you think of this?John's passport has been a sticking point - correct? Here's a thought. If he had a passport in 1977, I think it would have been outdated in 1992. To get a new passport issued, one must turn in the OLD passport first.

If John has gone overseas anytime during the 90's or 2000's - it has to be on a new passport which means the old one would have to be on file with the government.

1) If he can still produce that passport now - then it must be a fake. He certainly wouldn't turn the fake one in to the gov't.

2) If he did turn it in to get a new one, then it might be filed away in a box somewhere and could be reviewed to see it's validity.

Just some thoughts.South Lyon, MI